Question 1

Q: What kinds of data do scientists use to study climate?

A: Climate researchers use every possible direct and indirect measurement to study the full history of Earth's climate, from the latest satellite observations to samples of prehistoric ice extracted from glaciers.

Question 2

Q: Where do global temperature data come from?

A: Modern observations of the atmosphere come from weather stations, weather balloons, radars, ships and buoys, and satellites.

Question 3

Q: How do scientists deal with changes in where data come from?

A: There are many climate research organizations around the world that have developed mathematically rigorous methods for identifying and compensating for changes in observing conditions.

Question 4

Q: How do scientists know their data-processing techniques are reliable?

A: The records of global temperatures calculated by U.S. and other major climate research organizations are remarkably similar, despite the different data-processing techniques used. The techniques used by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), and other respected groups are peer-reviewed, and the processed data sets have undergone many peer-reviewed analyses as well.

Question 5

Q: What is global warming?

A: Carbon emissions cause the Earth to warm, which has a number of harmful effects on people and the environment, including rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and deadly heat waves.

Question 6

Q: What causes global warming?

A: The primary cause of global warming is human activity that releases carbon into the atmosphere, most significantly the burning of fossil fuels and tropical deforestation.

Question 7

Q: Who can reduce global warming?

A: We need to significantly reduce the amount of heat-trapping emissions to address global warming. As individuals, we can help by being mindful of our electricity use, driving more efficient cars, reducing the number of miles we drive, and taking other steps to reduce our own consumption of fossil fuels. We can also help by calling for government and corporate decision makers to reduce the threat of global warming by implementing policies that will decrease emissions.

Question 8

Q: How do we know that humans are the major cause of global warming?

A: Scientists know that human activity is the primary driver of climate change because they can measure the relative amount of heavy and light carbon atoms in the atmosphere, and this ratio has decreased over time as the overall amount of CO2 has increased. This information tells scientists that fossil fuel emissions are the largest contributor of atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the pre-industrial era.

Question 9

Q: What is the best source of scientific information on global warming?

A: The IPCC is an international organization that assesses the most up-to-date scientific information on global warming and climate change. The USGCRP is a US federal program that released a comprehensive climate assessment for the United States in 2017.

Question 10

Q: What modeling methods were used?

A: eBird's range and abundance predictions are based on the expert opinions of skilled birders, and take into account factors such as local habitat, elevation, and topography. These predictions are then used to estimate the percentage of a given species' range or population that is present in a particular region.

Question 11

Q: Why does CO2 get most of the attention when there are so many other heat-trapping gases?

A: CO2 is the main driver of climate change because it is the most abundant heat-trapping gas and it has the highest positive radiative forcing.

Question 12

Q: How does the sun affect our climate?

A: The sun is the main driver of climate change, but changes in solar output over the last century cannot explain the observed rise in global temperatures.

Question 13

Q: Why do you fly so many kites?

A: The Observatory has maintained an extensive and highly consistent record of weather observations continuously since February 1, 1885. The biannual one-hour switch between Eastern Standard Time (EST) and Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) would cause unnecessary disruptions to our records twice a year, so the Observatory operates on EST all year. Long term observations of the clouds can be especially stressful on the neck. Although the mirror serves no official purpose, it allows visitors to look down at the clouds instead of up.

Question 14

Q: Why are some islands areas of “No Prediction”?

A: The Status and Trend products use data on elevation, topography, and habitat to describe the local landscapes where eBirders searched for birds. Each checklist location is matched to the environmental data within approximately a 1.5 km radius around the location. For elevation and bathymetry, we calculated the mean and standard deviation of each within the checklist radius using the SRTM15+ product (Tozer et al. 2019). For topography the aspect and slope within the checklist radius were

Question 15

Q: When is the Observatory open?

A: The Observatory is open 365 days a year for the staff, and for pre-arranged visits, shopping or programs. For general tours and the gift shop we are open from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Saturdays and Monday holidays year round. We are open 10 to 4 Sundays from Presidents’ Day weekend in February through the last Sunday in December. Our observations will continue during the planned renovation to our facility from Summer 2021 to Spring 2022, though the building will

Question 16

Q: How do I become a member of the Blue Hill Observatory & Science Center or renew my membership?

A: You can join Blue Hill Observatory as a member, which gives you access to all the benefits of membership, or you can purchase a day pass. A day pass does not give you access to the member benefits.

Question 17

Q: Who owns the Observatory?

A: The Blue Hill Observatory has been collecting weather and climate data for over 100 years. The data is used for climate education and research, and the Observatory is funded by the National Weather Service, memberships, foundation grants, and private and corporate donations. The Observatory building is owned by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Question 18

Q: When will I hear a decision?

A: The deadline to apply for financial aid for the 2016-2017 school year is December 1st. Decisions are sent out beginning in late January all the way through late March/early April.

Question 19

Q: What educational programs do you offer?

A: We have a bunch of programs for all ages, check out our Programs Page for more info.

Question 20

Q: How do I know if you have received my transcript(s)?

A: Unofficial transcripts are fine for the online application.

Question 21

Q: How do I know if you have received my letters of recommendation?

A: If your recommender has not yet submitted their letter of recommendation, you may want to contact them and remind them of the December 1st deadline. Instructions on submitting letters electronically were sent automatically to the recommender via email when you entered their name in your application – we do not have access to the email or instructions departmentally so please ask your recommender to refer to the original email.

Question 22

Q: How many grad students do you have?

A: There are typically 65-70 graduate students in the Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences.

Question 23

Q: How will I know when my application materials have been received?

A: Wait until after you submit your application to contact the department about receipt of materials.

Question 24

Q: How do I make a change to my online application once I have clicked the “submit” button?

A: You can make some changes to your application via your application profile. Contact Graduate Program Admissions to request any changes that you are not able to make yourself in your application profile.

Question 25

Q: Why should I register my students for ECOS Institute?

A: ECOS Institute provides outdoor science experiences that connect and support your classroom with the NGSS. Our lessons have detailed analysis of the disciplinary core ideas, science and engineering practices, and crosscutting concepts. These components help students master performance expectations so they have a deeper understanding of science.

Question 26

Q: What if I have a special diet?

A: You will need to provide your own transportation to and from ECOS Institute.
There should be one certificated district employee for every 35 students. It is preferred, but not required, that the students’ own teachers attend. If your school cannot provide the required number of teachers, one classified employee can serve as a substitute.
Parents are not allowed in order to provide the opportunity for students to grow and explore independence, ECOS Institute staff are highly trained to provide growth experiences and

Question 27

Q: How do I make arrangements to drive up to the Observatory?

A: The Service Road is open to “authorized vehicles” only. Directions will be provided when you make arrangements for Service Road Access.

Question 28

Q: How do I book a program or schedule a visit?

A: Contact the program director, Don McCasland. His phone number is 617-696-0562, and his email address is dmccasland@bluehill.org.

Question 29

Q: How many participants can there be in a program?

A: The Blue Hill Observatory can host up to 60 people in one session, though fewer is preferable. Group program pricing is based on 20 people per session, and the Observatory can do multiple programs simultaneously, so it can host up to 180 people in one day.

Question 30

Q: How do I apply for research or teaching assistantships?

A: There is no separate application for research assistantships – if you are admitted to the program, you will automatically be considered for an assistantship.

Question 31

Q: How do I apply to your graduate program?

A: Complete the UW Application for Graduate Admission and submit all required materials by the deadline.

Question 32

Q: How much does it cost to apply?

A: The application fee is $85 USD.

Question 33

Q: How often is the mercury barometer calibrated?

A: The equipment at Blue Hill Observatory is used to measure temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and sunshine. The instruments are located in the outdoor instrument enclosure and include the Hazen temperature shelter, precipitation gauges, a weighing rain gauge, snow boards, and the ombroscope.

Question 34

Q: What is the application deadline for international applicants?

A: The December 1st deadline is the priority deadline for international applicants.

Question 35

Q: What is the application deadline?

A: The deadline to apply to the University of Pennsylvania's School of Nursing is December 1st.

Question 36

Q: What is the minimum score required on English proficiency exams (TOEFL, IELTS)?

A: No.

Question 37

Q: What is the Relationship between Climate Change and Weather?

A: Climate is generally defined as average weather, and as such, climate change and weather are intertwined. However, there are important differences between the two. Weather is chaotic and unpredictable beyond a few days, while climate is the long-term average weather. Climate can be affected by weather patterns, but weather patterns cannot be used to predict climate.

Question 38

Q: What do I do regarding severe weather conditions?

A: The ECOS Institute can provide a coordinator to help with the process of attending a science camp, and can also provide a representative to speak to parents. You will need to arrange transportation to and from the camp independently.

Question 39

Q: What is the weather like?

A: ECOS Institute is a great place for children to learn and explore. The staff are well-trained and the facilities are top-notch.

Question 40

Q: What science and math coursework should I take before I apply?

A: No specific prerequisites but math, physics, and computer science are recommended.

Question 41

Q: What salary and benefits are offered with an RA or TA in Atmospheric Sciences?

A: The stipend for beginning Research Assistants in the Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences is detailed in the Variable Rate RA Salary Schedule on the Graduate School’s website. Out-of-state tuition is waived and in-state tuition is paid for Research Assistants, as is medical, visual and dental insurance. Students are expected to work half-time, 20 hours per week, on research during the academic year, and fulltime during the summer. RA and TA appointments are governed by

Question 42

Q: How are disciplinary issues handled?

A: There is an extensive packing list in the Parent Guide (under the FORMS section for parents). Please note that school guidelines need to be followed and cell phones are not allowed at camp.

Question 43

Q: What are eBird Status and Trends Data Products and visualizations?

A: The eBird Status and Trends Data Products have been updated for 2021 and now include Trends. These show the change in relative abundance from 2007 through 2021 at 27km x 27km pixels for either the breeding or non-breeding season.

Question 44

Q: Why does an eBird Status and Trends taxonomic concept not match with elsewhere on the eBird website?

A: There are a number of important changes made to the estimates every year, which may make it difficult to compare estimates across years. Additionally, the taxonomy used for eBird Status and Trends Products is always one year or version behind the current eBird Taxonomy, which may also lead to discrepancies.

url / atext / target url
https://teachscience4all.org/category/equity-diversity/ a framework for k 12 science education ↳http://www.nap.edu/read/13165/chapter/16	teachscience4all.org
https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/major-weather-research-bill-approaching-finish-line report ↳https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13429/weather-services-for-the-nation-becoming-second-to-none	www.aip.org
http://www.ametsoc.org/amsedu/dstreme/ national science education standards ↳http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=4962	www.ametsoc.org
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/ assessment of the national science foundation s 2015 geospace portfolio review ↳https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24666/assessment-of-the-national-science-foundations-2015-geos	sites.nationalacademies.org
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/ extending science nasa s space science mission extensions and the senior review process ↳https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23624/extending-science-nasas-space-science-mission-extensions	sites.nationalacademies.org
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/ vision and voyages for planetary science in the decade 2013 2022 ↳https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13117/vision-and-voyages-for-planetary-science-in-the-decade-2	sites.nationalacademies.org
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/ review of nasa s planetary science division s restructured research and analysis programs ↳https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24759/review-of-the-restructured-research-and-analysis-program	sites.nationalacademies.org
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/ powering science nasa s large strategic science missions ↳https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24857/powering-science-nasas-large-strategic-science-missions	sites.nationalacademies.org
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/ report series committee on astrobiology and planetary science getting ready for the next planetary sciences decadal ↳https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24843/report-series-committee-on-astrobiology-and-planetary-sc	sites.nationalacademies.org
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/ solar and space physics a science for a technological society ↳http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13060	sites.nationalacademies.org

title / url	PR	relevance	links	rel links	external links	external domains
Front Matter \| Ready, Set, SCIENCE!: Putting Research to Work in K-8 Science Classrooms \| The National Academies Press https://www.nap.edu/read/11882/chapter/1	0.29	1	25	6	0	0
Front Matter \| Next Generation Science Standards: For States, By States \| The National Academies Press https://www.nap.edu/read/18290/chapter/1	0.29	0.94	30	17	1	1
Index \| National Science Education Standards \| The National Academies Press https://www.nap.edu/read/4962/chapter/13	0.28	1	22	12	0	0
Appendix A: Questions for Practitioners \| Ready, Set, SCIENCE!: Putting Research to Work in K-8 Science Classrooms \| The National Academies https://www.nap.edu/read/11882/chapter/11	0.28	0.98	25	7	0	0
Credits \| National Science Education Standards \| The National Academies Press https://www.nap.edu/read/4962/chapter/14	0.28	0.88	22	9	0	0
Appendix \| National Science Education Standards \| The National Academies Press https://www.nap.edu/read/4962/chapter/12	0.28	0.95	22	10	0	0
C National Research Council's Statement of Task for the Panel on the Adequacy of NEXRAD \| Assessment of Nexrad Coverage and Associated https://www.nap.edu/read/9056/chapter/15	0.28	0.91	23	4	0	0
2 Socioeconomic Research and Capacity \| When Weather Matters: Science and Services to Meet Critical Societal Needs \| The National Academies https://www.nap.edu/read/12888/chapter/4	0.28	1	35	6	2	2
Epilogue \| National Science Education Standards \| The National Academies Press https://www.nap.edu/read/4962/chapter/11	0.28	1	22	9	0	0
2 Principles and Definitions \| National Science Education Standards \| The National Academies Press https://www.nap.edu/read/4962/chapter/4	0.28	1	22	8	0	0

domain	count	semantic flow ^™
http://nationalacademies.org/	17	1.6	nationalacademies.org
http://nextgenscience.org/	19	1.06	nextgenscience.org
http://nationalgeographic.org/	16	0.89	nationalgeographic.org
http://cleanet.org/	4	0.32	cleanet.org
http://ucar.edu/	4	0.29	ucar.edu
http://utah.gov/	4	0.24	utah.gov
http://springer.com/	3	0.23	springer.com
http://hhmi.org/	3	0.21	hhmi.org
http://climatesciencewatch.org/	3	0.2	climatesciencewatch.org
http://teachscience4all.org/	2	0.19	teachscience4all.org

domain	count	semantic flow ^™
http://copyright.com/	40	1.85	copyright.com
http://doi.org/	35	1.51	doi.org
http://noaa.gov/	12	0.96	noaa.gov
http://nationalacademies.org/	5	0.34	nationalacademies.org
http://www.205.156.54.206/	3	0.25	www.205.156.54.206
http://weather.gov/	2	0.21	weather.gov
http://nasa.gov/	4	0.19	nasa.gov
http://corestandards.org/	2	0.19	corestandards.org
http://ametsoc.org/	2	0.16	ametsoc.org
http://ed.gov/	3	0.16	ed.gov

url	count	PR	score	semantic flow ^™	relevance	on topic	links	rel links	external links	external domains	referring domains	external backlinks
https://www.nap.edu/read/11820/chapter/3	1	0.16	0.99	0.08	0.99	yes	35	14	3	3	0	0
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11820/earth-science-and-applications-from-space-national-imper	1	0.16	0.99	0.08	0.76	yes	89	23	1	1	0	0
https://www.nap.edu/read/11820/chapter/4	1	0.16	1	0.07	0.88	yes	43	11	0	0	0	0
https://www.nap.edu/read/11820/chapter/7	1	0.16	0.99	0.07	0.95	yes	26	10	0	0	0	0
https://www.nap.edu/read/11820/chapter/16	1	0.16	1	0.07	1	yes	26	10	0	0	0	0
https://www.nap.edu/read/11820/chapter/5	1	0.16	0.99	0.07	0.76	yes	37	12	2	2	0	0
https://www.nap.edu/read/11820/chapter/11	1	0.16	0.99	0.07	0.55	yes	32	11	1	1	0	0
https://www.nap.edu/read/11820/chapter/13	1	0.16	0.98	0.07	0.6	yes	28	12	1	1	0	0
https://www.nap.edu/read/11820/chapter/10	1	0.16	0.97	0.07	-1	no	-1	-1	-1	-1	0	0
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10829/critical-issues-in-weather-modification-research	1	0.15	0.99	0.07	0.97	yes	87	18	2	2	1	1

Nap.edu / Weather science

Popular pages pointing to nap.edu

Popular pages from nap.edu

Popular prospect pages from nap.edu

Domains with most semantic flow to nap.edu

Domains with most semantic flow from nap.edu

Most linked pages from nap.edu

Hubs from nap.edu

Similar domains to nap.edu

Random 'weather science FAQs', may be related to more specific topics, not general weather science topic.

WEATHER SCIENCE FAQs

STUDY AND ANALYZE CLIMATE DATA.

UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING THE GLOBAL WARMING PHENOMENON.

SO MANY

OBSERVATORY OPEN, MEMBERSHIP INQUIRY, OWNERSHIP, DECISION TIMELINE.

APPLICATION AND REQUIRED DOCUMENTS STATUS AND CHANGES.

TO THE OBSERVATORY'S PROGRAMS AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES?.

CALENDAR AND LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERNATIONAL APPLICANTS.

CONNECTION BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE, WEATHER, AND SAFETY.

EBIRD STATUS AND TRENDS

domain
http://noaa.gov/	noaa.gov
http://harvard.edu/	harvard.edu
http://nsta.org/	nsta.org
http://societyforscience.org/	societyforscience.org
http://archive.org/	archive.org
http://technorati.com/	technorati.com
http://youtube.com/	youtube.com
http://nasa.gov/	nasa.gov
http://sciencenews.org/	sciencenews.org
http://icio.us/	icio.us